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Attacks without status effects are the "standard" actions. If a player does an action that applies or attempts to apply a negative status effect on the enemy, the particular item will directly do less damage than a standard action. The usual rule is:

Damage Reduction: (Expected Status Attempt Rate) * [50 - (Enemy's Save Bonus)] * (Effect Value)

The Expected Status Attempt Rate is almost always affected by the attack's hit rate. If a special with a BtH Mod of -5 requires both of its hits in a two-hit special to connect to attempt a status effect, and the status effect is only attempted 50% of the time when that condition is met, then the Expected Status Attempt Rate is 0.8 (first hit lands) * 0.8 (second hit lands) * 0.5 (50% chance to try) = 0.32.

The Effect Value is a measure of the status effect's usefulness. Some examples are included below.

Turn Loss with no extra effect: 1.4 * (Melee Power)
Frozen/Petrification: 1.6 (Melee Power)
Poison/Burn/etc: (Turns of Poison/Burn/etc) * (Poison/Burn/etc's Damage Per Turn)
Blind: [(BtH Reduction)/70] * (Turns of Blinding) * 1.4 * (Melee Power)

Damage reductions apply before multi-element multipliers.